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The culture of making and sharing flatbread in communities of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey carries social functions that have enabled it to continue as a widely-practised tradition. Making the bread (lavash, katyrma, jupka or yufka) involves at least three people, often family members, with each having a role in its preparation and baking. In rural areas, neighbours participate in the process together. Traditional bakeries also make the bread. It is baked using a tandyr/tanūr (an earth or stone oven in the ground), sāj (a metal plate) or kazan (a cauldron).

The culture of making and sharing flatbread in communities of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey carries social functions that have enabled it to continue as a widely-practised tradition. Making the bread (lavash, katyrma, jupka or yufka) involves at least three people, often family members, with each having a role in its preparation and baking. In rural areas, neighbours participate in the process together. Traditional bakeries also make the bread. It is baked using a tandyr/tanūr (an earth or stone oven in the ground), sāj (a metal plate) or kazan (a cauldron).

The culture of making and sharing flatbread in communities of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey carries social functions that have enabled it to continue as a widely-practised tradition. Making the bread (lavash, katyrma, jupka or yufka) involves at least three people, often family members, with each having a role in its preparation and baking. In rural areas, neighbours participate in the process together. Traditional bakeries also make the bread. It is baked using a tandyr/tanūr (an earth or stone oven in the ground), sāj (a metal plate) or kazan (a cauldron).

The culture of making and sharing flatbread in communities of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey carries social functions that have enabled it to continue as a widely-practised tradition. Making the bread (lavash, katyrma, jupka or yufka) involves at least three people, often family members, with each having a role in its preparation and baking. In rural areas, neighbours participate in the process together. Traditional bakeries also make the bread. It is baked using a tandyr/tanūr (an earth or stone oven in the ground), sāj (a metal plate) or kazan (a cauldron).

Statuette crafts are made by moulding a particular material into a cast and then preparing in a variety of ways, including baking, glazing and smoking. The special cast is made based on the traditions of stone and bone engraving crafts. Papier-mache is created by pasting layers of light paper on a special wooden or earth cast. Tsaasan shuumal or papier-mache is made with the ingemel technique, which is the making of reliefs on objects. Ingemel or relief has the following four types: a) khotgor ingemel (flute relief), b) tövgör ingemel (semi-fillet relief), c) tovgor ingemel (fillet relief) and d) büten tovoimol (sculpture-like relief).Shüren shuumal is created by putting a cover of big and small pieces of corals on the papier-mache.

Statuette crafts are made by moulding a particular material into a cast and then preparing in a variety of ways, including baking, glazing and smoking. The special cast is made based on the traditions of stone and bone engraving crafts. Papier-mache is created by pasting layers of light paper on a special wooden or earth cast. Tsaasan shuumal or papier-mache is made with the ingemel technique, which is the making of reliefs on objects. Ingemel or relief has the following four types: a) khotgor ingemel (flute relief), b) tövgör ingemel (semi-fillet relief), c) tovgor ingemel (fillet relief) and d) büten tovoimol (sculpture-like relief).Shüren shuumal is created by putting a cover of big and small pieces of corals on the papier-mache.

Statue crafts are made by moulding a particular material into a cast and then preparing in a variety of ways, including baking, glazing and smoking. The special cast is made based on the traditions of stone and bone engraving crafts. Papier-mache is created by pasting layers of light paper on a special wooden or earth cast. Tsaasan shuumal or papier-mache is made with the ingemel technique, which is the making of reliefs on objects. Ingemel or relief has the following four types: a) khotgor ingemel (flute relief), b) tövgör ingemel (semi-fillet relief), c) tovgor ingemel (fillet relief) and d) büten tovoimol (sculpture-like relief).Shüren shuumal is created by putting a cover of big and small pieces of corals on the papier-mache.

Thousands of cooking methods have been invented since human habituated to cook dishes. One of such inventions is the baking device for bread-tandir. Tandir is made of sozn(yellow) sticky clay, made from the ground, by mixing the cane and sheep wool to it.The amount of additives in the clay and pressing it with the foot are very important. This is because the clay needs to be very hard to handle the oven for a long time. Otherwise, the oven can quickly break down.The craftsmen who make tandirs are called tandirchilar (oven makers).This profession is also taught by a teacher to an apprentice, from a father to a child.

Thousands of cooking methods have been invented since human habituated to cook dishes. One of such inventions is the baking device for bread-tandir. Tandir is made of sozn(yellow) sticky clay, made from the ground, by mixing the cane and sheep wool to it.The amount of additives in the clay and pressing it with the foot are very important. This is because the clay needs to be very hard to handle the oven for a long time. Otherwise, the oven can quickly break down.The craftsmen who make tandirs are called tandirchilar (oven makers).This profession is also taught by a teacher to an apprentice, from a father to a child.

Thousands of cooking methods have been invented since human habituated to cook dishes. One of such inventions is the baking device for bread-tandir. Tandir is made of sozn(yellow) sticky clay, made from the ground, by mixing the cane and sheep wool to it.The amount of additives in the clay and pressing it with the foot are very important. This is because the clay needs to be very hard to handle the oven for a long time. Otherwise, the oven can quickly break down.The craftsmen who make tandirs are called tandirchilar (oven makers).This profession is also taught by a teacher to an apprentice, from a father to a child.

Thousands of cooking methods have been invented since human habituated to cook dishes. One of such inventions is the baking device for bread-tandir. Tandir is made of sozn(yellow) sticky clay, made from the ground, by mixing the cane and sheep wool to it.The amount of additives in the clay and pressing it with the foot are very important. This is because the clay needs to be very hard to handle the oven for a long time. Otherwise, the oven can quickly break down.The craftsmen who make tandirs are called tandirchilar (oven makers).This profession is also taught by a teacher to an apprentice, from a father to a child.