Makulata Fa'atoafa is an expert siapo maker from the village of Siutu in Savaii. Here she is cutting mulberry trees for the precious bast (inner bark) that is used to make the cloth.

The art of traditional paper making in Bhutan stems from an age-old handicraft tradition whose history can be traced back to the eight century during the reign of Gyelpo Khikhar Rhathor in Bumthang?, used by monasteries for woodblock and manuscript and also for writing prayer books, says Mr. Gonpola , the only Desho paper manufacturer in Bumdeling, Tashiyangtse. It is said that Mr. Tsheten Dorji from Yangtse, Who was Dzongsungpa (Care taker) then, was trained at Bumthang. It is he who actually brought the idea of making Deysho paper to Tashiyangtse. Mr. Tsheten Dorji had trained Mr. Gonpola and a few other friends at Rigsum Gonpa in and around 1971.\n\nDaphne bholua is a deciduous and evergreen shrubs in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Asia, Europe and North Africa. It grows at an altitude of 1700-3500m in the Himalayas and neighboring mountain ranges. It is found in pastures and grassy glades and reaches a height of about 2.5m, however some specimens reach 4m. Daphne bholua has leathery leaves and pink- white flowers with strong fragrance. In Bhutan it is used for making hand-made paper ‘deysho’. Another species of Daphne ‘Edgeworthia gardneri’ (Deykhar) is also used for making desho paper in some part of Bhutan. It is found commonly in southern part of the country.\n\nHowever in Bumdeling, Daphne bholua ‘Deynag’ is widely used for making Deysho paper. Daphne ‘Deynag’ can be abundantly found in places like Tarphel, Cheng, Longkhar, Sanyne, Ngalingmang, Phanteng.

The art of traditional paper making in Bhutan stems from an age-old handicraft tradition whose history can be traced back to the eight century during the reign of Gyelpo Khikhar Rhathor in Bumthang?, used by monasteries for woodblock and manuscript and also for writing prayer books, says Mr. Gonpola , the only Desho paper manufacturer in Bumdeling, Tashiyangtse. It is said that Mr. Tsheten Dorji from Yangtse, Who was Dzongsungpa (Care taker) then, was trained at Bumthang. It is he who actually brought the idea of making Deysho paper to Tashiyangtse. Mr. Tsheten Dorji had trained Mr. Gonpola and a few other friends at Rigsum Gonpa in and around 1971.\n\nDaphne bholua is a deciduous and evergreen shrubs in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Asia, Europe and North Africa. It grows at an altitude of 1700-3500m in the Himalayas and neighboring mountain ranges. It is found in pastures and grassy glades and reaches a height of about 2.5m, however some specimens reach 4m. Daphne bholua has leathery leaves and pink- white flowers with strong fragrance. In Bhutan it is used for making hand-made paper ‘deysho’. Another species of Daphne ‘Edgeworthia gardneri’ (Deykhar) is also used for making desho paper in some part of Bhutan. It is found commonly in southern part of the country.\n\nHowever in Bumdeling, Daphne bholua ‘Deynag’ is widely used for making Deysho paper. Daphne ‘Deynag’ can be abundantly found in places like Tarphel, Cheng, Longkhar, Sanyne, Ngalingmang, Phanteng.

The art of traditional paper making in Bhutan stems from an age-old handicraft tradition whose history can be traced back to the eight century during the reign of Gyelpo Khikhar Rhathor in Bumthang?, used by monasteries for woodblock and manuscript and also for writing prayer books, says Mr. Gonpola , the only Desho paper manufacturer in Bumdeling, Tashiyangtse. It is said that Mr. Tsheten Dorji from Yangtse, Who was Dzongsungpa (Care taker) then, was trained at Bumthang. It is he who actually brought the idea of making Deysho paper to Tashiyangtse. Mr. Tsheten Dorji had trained Mr. Gonpola and a few other friends at Rigsum Gonpa in and around 1971.\n\nDaphne bholua is a deciduous and evergreen shrubs in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Asia, Europe and North Africa. It grows at an altitude of 1700-3500m in the Himalayas and neighboring mountain ranges. It is found in pastures and grassy glades and reaches a height of about 2.5m, however some specimens reach 4m. Daphne bholua has leathery leaves and pink- white flowers with strong fragrance. In Bhutan it is used for making hand-made paper ‘deysho’. Another species of Daphne ‘Edgeworthia gardneri’ (Deykhar) is also used for making desho paper in some part of Bhutan. It is found commonly in southern part of the country.\n\nHowever in Bumdeling, Daphne bholua ‘Deynag’ is widely used for making Deysho paper. Daphne ‘Deynag’ can be abundantly found in places like Tarphel, Cheng, Longkhar, Sanyne, Ngalingmang, Phanteng.

The livelihoods of Timorese people are agriculture. Corn Harvest is a Timorese harvest ceremony practiced by farmers in various regions in the country. People in Timor-Leste are grateful for what they collect by the hard work sacrificed especially for their plantation in their farm. The corn harvest ceremony is a traditional thanksgiving ceremony to offer the best and first harvest to Lord and to other divines who believe that protects the plantations from the pest and other degradative agents.

The livelihoods of Timorese people are agriculture. Corn Harvest is a Timorese harvest ceremony practiced by farmers in various regions in the country. People in Timor-Leste are grateful for what they collect by the hard work sacrificed especially for their plantation in their farm. The corn harvest ceremony is a traditional thanksgiving ceremony to offer the best and first harvest to Lord and to other divines who believe that protects the plantations from the pest and other degradative agents.

The SEAC staff attended the Sau-Batar ceremony at the Watucarbau Administrative Post in Viqueque municipality. The event featured a ritual, led by members of the Uma-Lulik and community elders, where newly harvested corn was brought into the sacred house, while older corn was ceremonially removed. Areca nuts and corn stalks were also displayed as part of the tradition. This ritual, which unites generations, culminates in a celebratory dinner. \nBesides, the CNTLU team conducted interviews, highlighting the contributions of Anacleto Amaral, a community elder and devoted practitioner of the Sau-Batar tradition in Covalima Municipality.

The SEAC staff attended the Sau-Batar ceremony at the Watucarbau Administrative Post in Viqueque municipality. The event featured a ritual, led by members of the Uma-Lulik and community elders, where newly harvested corn was brought into the sacred house, while older corn was ceremonially removed. Areca nuts and corn stalks were also displayed as part of the tradition. This ritual, which unites generations, culminates in a celebratory dinner. \nBesides, the CNTLU team conducted interviews, highlighting the contributions of Anacleto Amaral, a community elder and devoted practitioner of the Sau-Batar tradition in Covalima Municipality.

The SEAC staff attended the Sau-Batar ceremony at the Watucarbau Administrative Post in Viqueque municipality. The event featured a ritual, led by members of the Uma-Lulik and community elders, where newly harvested corn was brought into the sacred house, while older corn was ceremonially removed. Areca nuts and corn stalks were also displayed as part of the tradition. This ritual, which unites generations, culminates in a celebratory dinner. \nBesides, the CNTLU team conducted interviews, highlighting the contributions of Anacleto Amaral, a community elder and devoted practitioner of the Sau-Batar tradition in Covalima Municipality.

The SEAC staff attended the Sau-Batar ceremony at the Watucarbau Administrative Post in Viqueque municipality. The event featured a ritual, led by members of the Uma-Lulik and community elders, where newly harvested corn was brought into the sacred house, while older corn was ceremonially removed. Areca nuts and corn stalks were also displayed as part of the tradition. This ritual, which unites generations, culminates in a celebratory dinner. \nBesides, the CNTLU team conducted interviews, highlighting the contributions of Anacleto Amaral, a community elder and devoted practitioner of the Sau-Batar tradition in Covalima Municipality.

The SEAC staff attended the Sau-Batar ceremony at the Watucarbau Administrative Post in Viqueque municipality. The event featured a ritual, led by members of the Uma-Lulik and community elders, where newly harvested corn was brought into the sacred house, while older corn was ceremonially removed. Areca nuts and corn stalks were also displayed as part of the tradition. This ritual, which unites generations, culminates in a celebratory dinner. \nBesides, the CNTLU team conducted interviews, highlighting the contributions of Anacleto Amaral, a community elder and devoted practitioner of the Sau-Batar tradition in Covalima Municipality.