Bonko is a form of Bon tradition. Bon practices existed in Bhutan in pre-Buddhist times, and were rooted in the worship of nature and the spirits or gods that inhabited it. Bonism originated in Tibet and is characteristic of animistic and shamanistic practices. The Thangka bonko is a celebration in memory of Miwo Tenpa Shenrab (Buddha of Bon), who introduced the Bon tradition to their community. The commemoration is celebrated with religious rites dedicated to and invoking the local deity Zamshingpa. Bonko literally means the practice of Bonpo, who roams the villages, teaching Bonism and blessing the people (Bon kor). Long before the arrival of Buddhism, Bon-nag was a practice that involved the sacrifice of animal life. The Bonko Thangka was a Bon-kar. Although it was a Bon practice, it did not involve animal sacrifice. In the 11th century, the first disciple of Terton (treasure discoverer) Rigzin Jatshen Nyingpo (1585–1656), Terton Dorji Lingpa (1346-1405), established Yu-tog Goenpa (monastery) and established Buddhism in the area. Later, he established his seat in the village of Zhingkana. At present, the deity Zamshingpa is pacified in the Buddhist way in Zhingkana nagtshang. And also during the Bonko, the Pazaps receive their Lha-dhar (giant prayer flag) and Tsan-dhar (deity’s flag) from the Nagtshang (manor of an aristocratic family). It is celebrated for four days, from the 13th to the 16th day of the 11th month of the Bhutanese calendar, by the villagers under Shaba Gewog. The main event is held in an open area in Thangka, locally known as Lha-chim (deity’s shrine). On the 8th day of the 11th month of the lunar calendar, the Lholinga and Jishing Bonko is held in Lholinga village. And on the 11th day of the 11th month of the lunar calendar, the Zhelngo Bonko takes place. On the 15th day, the Thangka Bonko is celebrated.

National Intangible Cultural Heritage, Republic of Korea The Grand Jeju Ritual is a comprehensive form of shamanistic performance incorporating music, dance, and games into a single event. The largest in scale among the shamanistic rites held on Jeju Island, this time-old tradition involves more than five shamans and goes on for seven to fifteen days. This longstanding Jeju tradition is believed to demonstrate an original form of shamanistic ritual. The diverse local performance types encompassed by the Grand Jeju Ritual present great potential for academic research. This shamanistic performance is considered to exemplify a complete ritual that starts with the descending of gods, proceeds to rites to welcome and entertain them, and then sends them off. The narrative songs of the Grand Jeju Ritual reflect local beliefs regarding life and death and the creation of the universe. Its dialog is delivered in a pure form of the Jeju dialect, making the tradition a significant material for linguistic studies as well. Considering all these points, the Grand Jeju Ritual has been designated as National Intangible Cultural Heritage.