In the folksongs of Tày-Nùng in Cao Bằng, Hà lều (also called as Lượn Phủ) of the Nùng Inh people are the most attractive melodies. Hà lều is often sung during fun activities, but most commonly on the occasion of January and February—the season of festive singing—the season of lồng tồng. Hà lều is sung in pairs by alternating two men and two women. When one side stops, the other side responds immediately. If both sides respond well without interruption, the song will be very smooth. With Hà lều, we can hear that one sings with a low voice, and the other sings with a high voice, and one waits for the other person for a harmony. This is a unique feature in comparison with many other folk songs. The lyrics of Hà lều usually use a style of a seven-seven word meter poem; the fifth syllable of the second sentence must rhyme with the last syllable of the first sentence. This type of rhyme finding is a typical characteristic of Hà lều.

“Chandi Kaati Chandra Maalaa” is a traditional Tappa song from the mid-western region of Nepal. This song has a distinctive rhythm and uses a question-and-answer form between two groups of singers, one male and one female. This type of song is heard when people gather in the evening at the haat bazaar (temporary market), where goods are exchanged by bartering.\nInstruments: maadal, baansuri, saarangi, chum chum, machetaa

“Hasi Deu Bolideu Rasaile” is a Jhyaure song most commonly heard in the mid-hills area of the central and western regions of Nepal. This type of song is performed by two groups of singers, one male and one female, and the lyrics typically express emotions, including pain or happiness.\nInstruments: maadal, chum chum, maajiraa, saarangi, baansuri

Phú nói in hát văn is influenced by hát nói (recitative) of ca trù, a popular traditional musical type of Việt people. Phú nói has to be performed with a mature and slow style, in which each word is sung clearly and slowly. Performers have to gather air in their necks and release it slowly with singing expletives and without opening their mouths widely. The ư hư expletive, which is typical in hát nói of ca trù, is applied to the Phú nói melody of hát văn. Nevertheless, instead of using the ư hư expletive all the time, performers can sing the i i expletive, which is a typical characteristic of hát văn. The nguyệt (moon-shaped lute) also simulates the sounds of the đáy lute, which is a typical instrument of the ca trù art. The lyrics of Phú nói are a poem with a seven-seven-six-eight metre. Each musical phrase is corresponding to one verse sentence. This style can express the lyrics coherently; thus, it is preferred by the cung văn. Phú nói is performed in triple time at a slow tempo, and strings tuned to dây bằng. In hát văn thờ, Phú nói usually appears after Phú bình and Phú chênh.

“Kasko Hukum Pais” is a baalan bhajan, a type of musical drama with a long-standing tradition performed exclusively by men from the Brahmin and Chettri communities. There are always two groups of singers singing in a question-andanswer form about the Hindu epic poem Raamayana.

This is from a meke iwau, a type of men’s war club dance from Ra province.

This is from a meke wesi, a type of men’s spear dance in Nakuku village around Vaturova River in Cakaudrove province.

This is from a vakamalolo, a type of sitting dance performed by women of Komo village, Southern Lau in Suva. The performance was led by Viliame Salusalu.

This is from a vucu, a type of chant that is sung before meke as performers slowly file onto the stage. It was performed by people from Lutu village, Matalobau district in Naitasiri province.

This is from a vakamalolo, a type of sitting dance performed by women from Komo village, Kabara island in Southern Lau in Suva. Recorded at Delainavesi in Suva, this performance was led by Viliame Salusalu of Komo village.

This is from a seasea, a type of women’s standing dance, composed to mark the inauguration of the sugar cane factory in Labasa town in Macuata province.

This is from a seasea, a type of women’s standing dance from Bua province in Vanua Levu.