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goodbye
ICH Elements 5
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Pheb-so: Greeting and seeing-off
The Bhutanese custom of greeting and farewell, known as Pheb-so, is a significant culture in Bhutan. Although this custom has disappeared over time, there are some places and regions where the custom of greeting and farewell is still pronounced. Suwa, which means greeting, welcome or arrival, is practiced when a guest or someone new visits the place or region. The receiving of guests at a distance before they reach their destination is an age-old tradition in Bhutan. Sumptuous meals are prepared along with tea or alcoholic drinks. Both the guest and the reception party enjoy the meal together and continue on their way. This tradition called suwa before arriving at home has now all but disappeared in most parts of the country due to motor road connections, which take the guest right up to the village. Nonetheless, the custom continues at the national level for the receiving of dignitaries, and elaborate preparations are made in the case of His Majesty the King and members of the Royal Family, and His Holiness the Je Khenpo. People from the village normally make a point of offering tshokchang especially to the Royal Visitors, and the ministers of the entourage. Separately visiting officials are also welcomed in this way but with less elaboration. Likewise, guests are also accompanied some distance along the way when they depart. In the family or the village, seeing off the guest takes place at the point where the transport service is available. However, the official seeing off is as elaborate as the reception, at about the same distance from the place of residence. Apart from His Majesty the King and members of the Royal Family and His Holiness the Je Khenpo, alcohol is an important item to serve both at the reception and see-off points. Chawang char is to unfold the kabney and bow down to receive the VIPs as the main host offers khadar (auspicious silk scarf ). The reception party should be formally dressed for the occasion. At the time of seeing off, the hosts unfold the kabney and bow down as a sign of respect, but do not present khadar. In traditional Bhutanese custom, the oral greeting of ‘kuzu zangpo la’ is used among people of equal rank and not to dignitaries higher than oneself. Similarly, no words of farewell are used while seeing off, except that the departing dignitary may say a few words of appreciation. Some soelre (gift, usually in the form of cash) is left in appreciation for the tshokchang or hospitality offered by the people or a household. Formerly, people waved to each other with khadar until the departing guests were no longer in sight. However, this custom has also disappeared because of travel in motor cars. Nonetheless, at the point of departure, a friendly well-wishing song is exchanged between the two parties as follows: People who are leaving: The high sky is on the other side of the pass; While the sun is on this side of the pass; Because of the distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are staying back: The sun is all set and going, While the high sky will remain behind; If the sun is definitely leaving, Please take the high sky along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The high mountain is on the other side of the pass, While the snow lion is on this side of the pass; Because of the distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are staying back: The snow lion is all set and going, While the mountain will stay behind; If the snow lion is definitely leaving, Please take the mountain along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The beautiful meadow is on the other side of the pass, While the stag is on this side of the pass; Because of the distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those left behind flourish. People who are staying back: The stag is all set and going, While the beautiful meadow is staying back; If the stag is definitely leaving, Please take the beautiful meadow along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The serene lake is on the other side of the pass, While the golden-eyed fish is on this side of the pass; Owing to distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those left behind flourish. People who are staying back: The golden-eyed fish is all set and going, While the serene lake is staying back; If the golden eyed fish is definitely leaving, Please take the serene lake along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The solitary monastery stands on the other side of the pass, While the venerable lama is on this side of the pass, Because of the distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those left behind flourish. People who are staying back: The venerable lama is all set and going, While the solitary monastery is staying behind; If the venerable lama is definitely leaving, Please take the solitary monastery along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The majestic fortress stands on the other side of the pass, While the powerful ruler is on this side of the pass; Owing to long distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are staying back: The powerful ruler is all set and going, While the majestic fortress is staying back; If the powerful ruler is definitely leaving, Please take the majestic fortress along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of staying behind flourish. People who are leaving: The peaceful hamlet is on the other side of the pass, While the benevolent parents are on this side of the pass; Owing to the long distance, we could not meet last year, Yet it made us happy as we could meet this year. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish. People who are staying back: The benevolent parents are all set and going, While the peaceful hamlet is staying back; If the benevolent parents are definitely leaving, Please take the peaceful hamlet along with you. Let the wishes of those leaving be fulfilled, And let the fortune of those staying behind flourish.
Bhutan -
Thượng Liệt Village Festival
Thuong Liet village festival, also known as Gieng festival, is held from the 10th to the 12th of January (lunar calendar), at the communal house - pagoda - mausoleum complex of the village, to commemorate the merits of Princess Tran Thi Quy Minh. On the morning of the 10th, Thuong Liet village festival begins with the ceremony of carrying Buddha's offerings from Thien Duc Tu pagoda, going around the village, and finally returning to the communal house. In the afternoon, the female worshiping delegation performs the incense offering and proclamation ceremony. The most special is the procession of the teacher, the female worker and the flag and fan spear dance. The teacher and the female worker are selected according to traditional regulations. On the morning of the 11th and 12th, the villagers organize the procession of the female worker of the two villages of Dong Thuong Liet and Tay Thuong Liet. Previously, Thuong Liet organized the procession of the teacher, but in recent years, the teacher has not organized the procession, only the female worker. The teacher has the responsibility of welcoming the ceremony, the ceremony, the female worker used to teach the children to dance, but now she does not have to teach the dance, she only supervises the children's dance. According to the village rules, a person can be a teacher many times, but a worker can only be a worker once in a lifetime. The master of ceremonies performs the Saint ceremony and starts the Spear-flag-and-fan dance. During these 2 days, there is also a ceremony to bring offerings from the villages and hamlets in the commune to the Saint. At the same time, the Spear-flag-and-fan dance team is selected - "Miss Len". The Spear-flag-and-fan dance is an ancient dance, associated with traditional rituals that appeared in Giang village since the Tran Dynasty. During the ceremony, the two ladies wear ceremonial costumes, sit in hammocks, and command and supervise the dance groups on the East and West sides of the communal house. This is a form of collective folk dance combined with a couple dance. The content describes the princess's mood before going far away to say goodbye to her father. The dance team consists of 40 - 50 people. Each of the Miss Len (dancers) holds a small flag and a paper fan to fold during the dance. In some dance classes, there is also a rông reader and a troupe leader. There are about 36 different dance levels. The dance movements focus on depicting rural life. When dancing, the flag and fan hands are sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other, changing the flag hand to the fan hand, often called "trao co, trao fan", the local pronunciation is "giao". Besides the rituals, procession and dancing with flags, spears and fans, the festival also has folk games and entertainment such as cockfighting, chess, tug of war, wrestling... Thuong Liet village festival has profound historical value, associated with the story of Mrs. Tran Qui Minh, who reclaimed the land, established the hamlet to create today's Giang village. With its typical value, Thuong Liet village festival was included in the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage by the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2018.
Viet Nam -
Performing Art of Double Drums, Triple Gongs and Quintuple Chings in Xí Thoại
The art of performing double drums, triple gongs, and quintuple chings is an ingenious combination of three types of musical instruments in specific quantities: two drums (Chi gưl), three gongs (Mí - mother, Mai - sister, and Con - child ) and five chings (Pồng, Pềnh, Pang, Poong, Pếnh). The gong maintains a low tone, deep timbre, and slow tempo. Gongs have a peaceful, gentle, resonant, and distant sound. The vibrant, powerful drums push the chords to a climax. To create sound, artists do not beat the drum with sticks but dance the drum by using four fingers and hands to twist, stroke, and tap on the drum's surface, creating complex tones and rhythms. When performing, two artists wear drums across their stomachs, stand facing each other, their legs dance, and move, and their hands perform the operations rhythmically. Therefore, artists, in addition to being able to play musical instruments and have good pronunciation, must also have good health. In the minds of the Ba Na and Chăm H'roi people, the sound of chings and gongs is a special signal for people to connect with the Giàng, the gods. Therefore, the art of double drums, triple gongs, and quintuple chings is performed on many occasions such as weddings, funerals, and community festivals. During the proposal ceremony, it is like a reminder that the couple loves each other and is faithful. When someone passes away, its sound is sad and soft, like saying goodbye to the person who has passed away. It is artistic, entertaining, and sacred, meeting the spiritual needs of cultural heritage subjects.
Viet Nam -
Trống quân Singing at Bùi Xá Village
Trống quân Singing appeared in Bùi Xá since the Trần Dynasty, 13th century. Compared to other localities, in Bùi Xá village, Trống quân Singing has its own identity when the singers vary according to the 10/9 or 9/11 style but still retain the 6-eight rhythm of the spoken drum. shared. Bùi Xá Trống quân singing is deeply influenced by the ancient Quan Họ singing art of Kinh Bắc region. Therefore, the Trồng quân singing of Bùi village is also called "The second Quan Họ". Trống quân Singing includes the following steps: greeting, congratulating, wishing, asking, making love, and saying goodbye to friends. The themes in Trống quân songs are also very diverse such as production labor, weather, nature, social behavior, family affection, friends, boys and girls, etc. Currently, the people of Bùi Xá village collected more than 130 Trống quân songs. In the past, the Trống quân was an earthen drum, made of 2 bamboo poles about 1m long and a rope placed horizontally, in the middle of the rope was tied a perpendicular bamboo rod, one end resting on a thin board placed loosely on an earthen hole with the mouth of a jar. , inside is filled with snail shells. When singing, whichever side finishes the sentence hits the string at the top of the stake. Nowadays, the Trống quân has been improved, consisting of a horizontal wooden bar, with two poles on both sides, one side is where he stands, on the other side is where he stands. The two piles are connected together by steel wire. In the middle of the rope, place a drum, the hollow side facing down on the horizontal bar, and the bottom side close to the rope. The musician taps the end of the string at the stake, the string bounces off the bottom of the drum making a sound. The sound of Trống quân plays a role in keeping the rhythm of the singing. The singing principle is: Hello - Welcome - Wish - Ask.
Viet Nam -
Grave-abandoning Ritual of the Raglai
Their most important ritual, is to say goodbye forever between the living and the dead so that the dead can return to eternity. They prepare elaborately months in advance, the most important of which is the Kagor - a wooden boat with many decorations, placed on the roof of the tomb. This is what remains of their sea memory. The ritual lasted for three days. On the first day, the incense holder holds a "spiritual spiritual object" as a ritual to inform the dead about the time, schedule and rituals of worship; worship Kagor. On the second day, they perform the ceremony of "beating pigs and chickens", eating together the last meal with the dead at the tomb, then singing all night so that the living and the dead are no longer entangled with each other. On the third day, they "offer the breakfast", the "Retirement Ceremony" with the rituals of "dividing wealth", "goodbye to Kagor" and "terminating".
Viet Nam