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Bua Malus(Bitternut betel-pepper or leaf) is literally translated as betel leaves and areca betel nut; it is used in every ritual across the whole country. Bua Malus(Bitternut betel-pepper or leaf) is metaphorically representing the idea of peace, prosperity, good health and protection from bad luck and other misfortune or misery in life. Commonly people used Bua Malus(Bitternut betel-pepper or leaf) as; offerings for welcoming guests, “buka urat” (ritual ceremony for healing people), “kuta” (mark of blessing on someone’s forehead), “kakaluk/biru” (a spiritual item) and etc. Generally, Bua Malus(Bitternut betel-pepper or leaf) is used as an welcoming elements to welcome guests, besides, it’s an important element in every traditional rituals and ceremonies.

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Tara-Bandu is a traditional term refers to a widely held view within community. It’s a traditional custom that enforces peace and reconciliation trough the power of communal agreement to define social norms and practices acceptable to a given community. Tara-Bandu aims to regulate behavior and relations among people to people, people to animal and people to environment. The rules are set and whoever disobey the rules will get penalty for their acts. In Tara-Bandu ceremony includes sacrificing an animal as a common traditional practice across all community in Timor-Leste. As Timorese subsistence are commonly originate from agriculture, fisheries and livestock meanwhile Tara-Bandu has the role as customary traditions that regulate community members behaviors for their own environments; dry land and ocean that surrounds them from which they are dependent upon for their own daily livelihood.